Juvenile Delinquents Sit At A Table Sporting Jumpsuits

A group of seven juvenile delinquents sit at a table sporting jumpsuits that’s draped over their street clothes, not knowing what’s expected to happen next during their jail visit at the Douglas County prison in Georgia. The cameras, that are rolling for Beyond Scared Straight, a reality television series that takes at risk teenagers to different state run prisons across the United States to give them a glance of where they ll end up if they continue making wrong choices, show the confused look on the delinquents’ faces when they see the next prisoner walking through the door. Instead of a pair of six foot, 300 pounder monsters that were charged for two counts of aggravated assault and attempted murder like some of the inmates that the†¦show more content†¦Derron is also part of the estimated 250,000 juveniles who are tired, sentenced and incarcerated each year by the American Justice System, a practice that’s occurred in the United States for the past couple centuries, where children and teenagers are tried in court as adults and later sent to maximum security prisons with murderers, rapists and other violent criminals. The thrill of performing dangerous actions and the unwillingness of the consequences, a void of adult influence in the home has facilitated to an increase probability in suicide, sexual assault and the likelihood to commit another crime after release. The ineptness to hold a juvenile accountable in a safe manner can change but it’ll require the realization of the state and federal government to choose a rehabilitation recovery rather than throwing adolescents in with violent adults . The three million people behind bars is an assumption based on the statistic that more than one in every 100 Americans are prisoners controlled by the state or federal government. In 2008, the prison population grew by 25,000 last year, bringing it to almost 1.6 million, while an additional 723,000 are locked up in small er jails. At the time, there were 230 million adults in the United

Prevention For Disease Control And Prevention - 1428 Words

According to the forecasted statistics of Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), the public health research will most likely provide a better diagnostic resolution to the health concern of FXS in 2020 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The agency based its claim from the steady decline of families reporting that they are having a hard time dealing with FXS. Per CDC (2014), this only means that the public is becoming more aware of this condition. Their participation contributes to the advancement of knowledge content on this abnormality (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). CDC scientists works hard in order to establish preventive services and interventions to further help out in treating this condition. According to department head, Dr. Grossee, the challenges in diagnosing FXS remain to be critical, but with the presence of various measurements that aid in both research and diagnosis of the disorder, different collaborative procedures are bei ng established which may be accessible and available in the next years to come (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Treatment for Fragile X Syndrome FRAXXA, one of the leading companies that is in search for a cure to FXS does its best to extensively study and analyze fragile X syndrome. Although it is true that there is no cure for fragile X syndrome yet, there are now available procedures and intervention programs that are meant to control the progress of the condition. TheseShow MoreRelatedCenters for Disease Control and Prevention629 Words   |  3 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Weam Khadim PBHE501-American Public University May 21, 2013 Dr. Shalah Watkins-Bailey Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a national public health federal agency under Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is division of Department of Health and Human Services responsible for managing national programs for control and prevention of communicable diseases and VectorRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control And Prevention1497 Words   |  6 Pages1. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had many key audiences it was required to communicate with during the Ebola outbreak. Most importantly, the CDC needed to be communicating with employees within the CDC. They needed to be on the same page as to how messages were being released and controlled, as this was a very sensitive subject. Furthermore, it was imperative that heath care providers around the world were receiving appropriate information. U.S. government agencies, the WorldRead MorePrevention For Disease Control And Prevention935 Words   |  4 PagesOver t he last 10 years, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has worked to raise awareness of concussions and head injuries. In fact at least 1.7million traumatic brain injuries or TBI’s occur each year, with older adults and adolescents as the most vulnerable population (Nursing : A Concept-based, 2015, p.696).We now know that a hit or a strike to the head can have long term effects on cognition, physical, and psychological skills. The major causes of TBI include falls, vehicleRead MorePrevention For Disease Control And Prevention2099 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), â€Å"Alphonse Laveran became number one for being alert of parasites inside the blood of an affected person suffering from malaria. Laveran used observations from his work in anatomic pathology to search for the causal agent of malaria. Laveran studied the lesions in organs and blood in different clinical situations. Laveran concluded that the o nly consistency between all cases of malaria is the granules of black pigment inside the bloodRead MorePrevention For Disease Control And Prevention Essay1826 Words   |  8 PagesThe amount of tobacco products used everyday in the world has grown enormously. An article titled, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states, â€Å"an estimated 4.6 million middle and high school students were current users of any tobacco products† (Neff 2015). With the amounts increasing each year, something needs to be done to help decrease the number and stop it from increasing any higher. Even when tobacco is not being used directly, it can affect people and animals. The smoke that is leftRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control And Prevention1467 Words   |  6 PagesProject Proposal Description I will be evaluating the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) One Only Campaign. This public health educational campaign has been led by the CDC in partnership with the Safe Injection Practices Coalition (SIPC). Evaluating the Channels and Messages I will utilize the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Framework for Effective Campaigns to evaluate this public health educational campaign (Valente, 2001). 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The document highlights the steps that organizations providing HIV testing and services must follow, upon receiving a HIV positive test result. This process includes uniting the medical and social aspects of HIV care for patients. The documentRead MoreHeart Disease : Disease Control And Prevention1679 Words   |  7 PagesHeart disease has been around as early as the 1900s and is the number one killer of men and women in the United States. According to the CDC about 610,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year, which is 1 in every 4 deaths (Heart Disease Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Killing roughly over 370,000 people yearly, coronary heart disease is clearly the most common type of heart disease (Heart Disease Facts. CentersRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control And Prevention15 06 Words   |  7 PagesProject Proposal Description I will be evaluating the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) One Only Campaign. This educational public health campaign has been led by the CDC in partnership with the Safe Injection Practices Coalition (SIPC) (CDC, 2015). Evaluating the Channels and Messages I will utilize the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Framework for Effective Campaigns to evaluate this public health educational campaign (Valente, 2001). I will apply course concepts to analyze

Effective Decisions Free Essays

Saumya Bhattacharya expressed her thoughts on how to come up with effective decisions and how to prevent its downsides. She quoted the source from the book of Michael J. Mauboussin, Chief Investment Strategist and a Professor of Finance at Columbia Business School, called Think Twice—Harnessing the Power of Counterintuition. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Decisions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mauboussin’s first step is to have enough knowledge in the situation that you have. This would help in making effective decisions if you are understand what you are getting into. He mentioned an example of Stephen Greenspan that confirms that sometimes it is better to be wise rather than being just intelligent. Essentially, he mentioned having a decision-making journal, that whenever you have an important decision to make, you can write the decisions you have come up, how you arrived at it, and assume what are the effects of your decisions. Changing voices especially writing was challenging. It can be intimidating because it is not a common way of expressing to us non-writers. Eventually, we have to get used to in a business writing way and even scholarly way. Both are essential because in writing you have to consider your readers and what level of knowledge they can comprehend. Sometimes we tend to overly express our thoughts through fancy words that lead to deviation in the main thought, unclear message, and disorganized thoughts. To avoid this, you must be brief, use familiar vocabulary and must be logical. I can classify the differences of business writing vs. scholarly writing into three categories: purpose, format, and its readers. In business writing, you are trying attain specific goal to complete a job while scholarly writing also known as academic writing that is commonly used in academic fields. It is usually based upon research of the chosen subject. Business writing often has a brief content like memos, reports and evaluations. In academic writing, we have essays, term papers and lab reports that are usually required to have extensive research and good sources. Scholarly writing can be used to support managerial writing because it is usually based on research and mostly written by experts. Sometimes you might need to have a good source that can prove your statement correct or to prove others’ statement wrong or vice-versa. Whether you used scholarly or business writing, as long as you keep it simple, clear, and consistent, your readers will understand what you are trying to convey. References Bhattacharya, S (March 7, 2010). HOW TO DECIDE EFFECTIVELY. Business Today, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p157-157. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=968c482b-8197-48ac-9de1-e51638e99332%40sessionmgr112vid=2hid=101 University of Houston-Victoria. ACADEMIC VS. BUSINESS WRITING. Retrieved from http://www.uhv.edu/ac/business/academic.aspx (July 18, 2013) Walden University (2013). SCHOLARLY WRITING. Retrieved from http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/312.htm (July, 18, 2013) May, Claire and May, Gordon (2012). EFFECTIVE WRITING A HANDBOOK OF ACCOUNTANTS. One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall. Ask.com. Retrieved from http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-scholarly-writing (July 18, 2013) How to cite Effective Decisions, Papers

Organisational Dialogue for Theory & Practice- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganisational Dialogue for Theory Practice. Answer: In every area of business, communication is playing a pivotal role and is concerned with aspect of exchanging ideas, opinions as well as emotions regarding individuals. There is a necessity regarding efficient communication to happen for the success of any business. There exist various advantages associated with better communication as it will be building strong associations amongst individuals and when the employees feel at ease they are coming up with innovative ideas that will be facilitating innovation. When there will occur the encouragement of open interaction within a place of work, there will occur the emergence of a more efficient as well as balanced team (Ridder 2014). Internal communication that will be occurring daily will be making the staffs have better information as well as assisting in securing their role as they are functioning towards a common objective. Being a customer, I had faced the ramifications of poor communications in India. For instance, I had a desire of purchasing a motor-cycle and for fulfilling my desirability, I went to visit a dealer in my area. I purchased a motor-cycle that required servicing after every 1000 kilometres. The salesman at the dealer shop assured me that I will be receiving three complimentary services after the completion of 10,000 kilometres. However, when I went to get my free service after the completion of 10,000 kilometres, the dealer shop from where I bought the motorcycle, refused to offer me the complimentary services citing the fact that there were certain terms and conditions attached with this offer, which I might have overlooked (Rowlinson 2014). He stated that this offer had to completed within a 10 month duration failing which the offer will automatically get lapsed. However, in support of his agreement, the salesman was unable to provide any genuine information. This is considered to be a very good example for poor communication. Since, communication is a two-way processes, it was necessary for him to provide me with all the appropriate information. But this did not happen since the salesman did not provide me with appropriate details, as he did not have any awareness regarding the terms and conditions related to the offer. So naturally, when the dealership did not want to provide me with the complimentary offer, I really felt cheated and made the decision of approaching the senior management to get proper justification regarding the matter, so that they allow me to have a meeting with the proprietor of the dealer shop (Taylor 2014). Finally, I got the scope of having a meeting with the proprietor. I had a discussion with the proprietor regarding the matter and showed him the brochure that was provided to me regarding the offer, at the time of purchase. It was clearly mentioned in the brochure about the offer that also clearly stated the time-period regarding the offer (Clegg 2015). So, it was absolutely clear that the salesman was at fault who failed to make effective as well as efficient communication and state the limited time-period regarding the offer at the time of purchase. He was supposed to communicate this vital information to me when the motor-cycle was being purchased since the condition regarding the time-period was not mentioned in the brochure, as it was an early-bird prize that was being given to the first 10 customers who bought the motor-cycle in a month. Through the occurrence of this incident, I realised that communication plays a major role in the field of business (Cummings 2014). Dialogic communication is considered being a two-way process. It is regarded as a communication in which every individual is playing the role of a listener as well as speaker. In this communication process, every individual is having the scope of expressing his or her point of view. The characteristic of dialogic communication is considered to be mutual understanding. There is no threat of getting punished or feeling pressurized while making the choices. To cite an example regarding this matter, I can state that in my earlier university, I was offered an assignment (Child 2015). The module lecturer was doing the evaluation of the individual development of every student in regard to the assignment. Post the completion of my research, I came up with various approaches. But, the module lecturer was not interested in listening to the idea and told me to follow the structure that was provided. On the other hand, from the resources that were gathered by me, I had a strong feeling that a di fferent approach was considered to be appropriate to address this subject matter as an alternative to the aspect of following the recommended outline. In addition, for giving concrete evidence to support my approach regarding the research material, I went through various reference books (Burke 2017). With a lot of determination, I went ahead with my approach and to my surprise I had received positive feedback from my module lecturer and I also received good grades. From the above description, it can be ascertained that if the dialogic communication would have occurred between me and the module lecturer and if he would have listened in an attentive manner, a discussion could have happened regarding the idea. But, as he did not have the willingness for listening to the new idea, I had to undergo a pain-staking method of finding out the effective ways of putting my view in front of the module-lecturer. Though the module lecturer was satisfied this time with the different approach that I have taken, I however strongly believe that this was matter of chance and there was a huge risk of failure associated with this approach since, I had gone against the assignment pattern that was stated by the module lecturer (Bolman 2017). On the other hand, dialogic communication amongst us would have really supported regarding this matter as I would have a received a module lecturers point of view regarding the matter. This weeks learning has helped me in understanding that it is very much necessary in the promotion of genuine dialogue within a company. When the organizational staff is having the feeling that his or her viewpoint is being given the due worth, then it will assist in increasing their dedication as well as contribution. As a result, they will be working towards the goals of the organization in an effective and efficient manner for actualizing them. Therefore, this communication method is very much recommended in respect of a business as it will be avoiding any issue related to the place of work having better communication within the staffs as well as employers (Armstrong 2014). People are playing an active role in an organization where they are functioning via communication. In the present international business market, culture is explained with the help of age, gender, religion, socio-economic backgrounds and so on. Staffs are required to communicate with individuals having different cultural backgrounds on an everyday basis. From this weeks learning, I had the scope of developing my strong skills regarding intercultural communication. As a result, I had become aware of the cultural differences that might occur within a company and in what ways will my knowledge skills will be assisting me in practicing these abilities in the future. Reference Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Burke, W.W., 2017.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Child, J., 2015.Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015.Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Ridder, H.G., Hoon, C. and McCandless Baluch, A., 2014. Entering a dialogue: Positioning case study findings towards theory.British Journal of Management,25(2), pp.373-387. Rowlinson, M., Hassard, J. and Decker, S., 2014. Research strategies for organizational history: A dialogue between historical theory and organization theory.Academy of Management Review,39(3), pp.250-274. Taylor, M. and Kent, M.L., 2014. Dialogic engagement: Clarifying foundational concepts.Journal of Public Relations Research,26(5), pp.384-398.

Data Transmission Methods Essay Example

Data Transmission Methods Essay Data transmission methods Transmission Transmission is the act of transporting information from one location to another via a signal. The signal may be analog or digital, and may travel in different media. Transmission: Communication of data by propagation and processing of signals. Signal processing is the representation, transformation and manipulation of signals plus the information they contain. Signal Types Signals: An electric or electromagnetic representations of data by which data is propagated (transmitted). All signals are either analog or digital. An analog signal: is one in which information appears as a continuous variation of some property. Human speech is an example: it produces a continuous variation of air pressure. Examples of media: Copper wire media, (twisted pair and coaxial cable), fiber optic cable and atmosphere or space propagation. Analogue signals represent some physical quantity and they are a ‘MODEL’ of the real quantity and can propagate analogue and digital data. A digital signal: is one in which information appears as a sequence of binary values 0 and 1. Digital signals have two amplitude levels called nodes. The value of which are specified as one of two possibilities such as 1 or 0, HIGH or LOW, TRUE or FALSE and so on. Digital signals can propagate analogue and digital data To represent these two values, a signal is used in which only two wave shapes are allowed, one representing the binary value 0 and the other representing the binary value 1. By definition, therefore, a digital signal is a restricted form of an analog signal. A human speaker who only utters the two words zero and one is a crude example of a digital signal. The difference between digital signals and analog signals: . Analog signal is a continuously varying signal while digital signal has discrete values 2. Analog signal has many issues of intensity over a period of time while a digital signal has only a limited number of defined values. 3. Since digital computers play a central role in data communication, in nearly all cases, digital signals are used. Analog signals are used in cases of equipment which date back to be fore the advent of digital technology. Existing analog telephone networks are a good example of the latter. AnalogDigital Datacontinuous (e. g. voice)discrete (e. g. , text) Signalcontinuous electromagnetic waves Used mainly for transmitting data across a network. sequence of voltage pulses Used mainly internally within computers. Transmission1. Transmission of analog signals without regards to their content (the data may be analog or binary). 2. The signals become weaker (attenuated) with the distance. 3. Amplifiers may be used to strengthen the signals, but as side effect they also boost the noise. 4. This might not be a problem for analog data, such as voice, but is a problem for digital data. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Data Transmission Methods specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Data Transmission Methods specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Data Transmission Methods specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Transmission that is concerned with the content of the signal. 2. Repeaters are used to overcome attenuation. 3. A repeater recovers the digital pattern from the signal it gets, and resubmits a new signal. Analog and Digital Data Transmission Digital and Analog transmission have more to do with the way in which data is conveyed between point A and point B than with whether the data is digital or analog. Analog data can be transmitted using analog transmission or digital transmission techniques. Likewise, digital data can be conveyed using either digital or analog transmission. Before data is transmitted over a network, it must be encoded depending on what type it is. For example: Audio, text, video or graphical giving it its computer representation. This encoding depends basically on the physical medium used to transfer the data, the guaranteed data integrity and transmission speed. Data transmissions depend on the characteristics of the signal and of the medium. †¢For guided media, the medium is the dominant factor †¢For unguided media, the bandwidth of the signal is the dominant factor. Transmission Media Digital data can be transmitted over many different types of media. Selecting a transmission medium is guided by comparing transmission requirements against the medium’s characteristics. These important criteria influence the choice: Design factors: Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the maximum frequency range that can be practically supported by a medium. This is usually expressed in kilo Hz (kHz) or mega Hz (MHz). Greater bandwidth implies higher data rates Transmission impairments/Coverage: The physical characteristics of a medium dictate; how long a signal can travel in it before it is distorted beyond recognition. To cover larger areas, repeaters are needed to restore the signal, and this increases the costs. (Limit distances). Interference: Competing signals in overlapping frequency bands can distort or wipe out a signal. Number of receivers: A guided link may use a shared link with multiple attachments, with the attachments introducing some attenuation and distortion. Cost: Two types of cost are relevant: i. The cost of installing the medium, including the medium-specific equipment that may be needed, and ii. The cost of running and maintaining the medium and its equipment. There is usually a need for tradeoff between cost, bandwidth, and distance. Reliability: Some media, by their physical nature, transmit data more reliably than others. Low reliability translates into a higher number of errors, which needs to be balanced against the potential cost of recovering from the errors (e. g. , retransmission, more complex hardware and software). Analogue transmission: Analogue data transmission consists of sending information over a transmission medium in the form of a wave. Data is transmitted via a carrier wave. The signal is said to be continuous Forms of Analogue transmission 1. Amplitude: is the strength of the signal, expressed as volts or decibels. The higher the amplitude, the stronger (louder) the signal. 2. Frequency: is the number of oscillations or cycles per second. Measured in Hertz. 3. Phase: is the rate at which a signal changes its relationship to time. Measured in degrees. Advantages of Analogue Transmission 1. Uses less bandwidth 2. More accurate 3. Digital communications require greater bandwidth than analogue to transmit the same information. Disadvantages of Analogue 1. The effects of random noise can make signal loss and distortion impossible to recover. Digital Transmission Involves breaking the signal into a binary format where the data is represented by a series of 1s and 0s. The signal is said to be discrete. Examples include text and integers. Advantages of digital transmission 1. Technology Sees a drop in cost due to LSI and VLSI 2. Data integrity: Repeaters allow longer distances over lines of lesser quality. 3. Capacity utilization: Digital techniques can be more easily and cheaply utilized, through multiplexing, availability of transmission links of high bandwidth. . Security and privacy: Encryption techniques are more readily applied to digital data 5. Integration: Simplified if digitized data is used everywhere. 6. Compatibility with other digital systems. 7. Data is easy to manipulate. 8. Data integrity. Data can be carried over longer distances over lower quality lines. The digital signal suffers the same distortion, attenuation and de gradation as do the analog signals. 9. Relatively cheap. Digital equipment is not very expensive. 10. Capacity utilization: High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques. 1. Integration: Can treat analog and digital data similarly A shift towards digital transmission despite large analog base; Why? Digital transmission has several advantages over analog transmission: 1. Improving digital technology 2. Data integrity. Repeaters take out cumulative problems in transmission. Can thus transmit longer distances. 3. Easier to multiplex large channel capacities with digital 4. Easy to apply encryption to digital data 5. Better integration if all signals are in one form. Can integrate voice, video and digital data. 6. Analog circuits require amplifiers, and each amplifier adds distortion and noise to the signal. 7. In contrast, digital amplifiers regenerate an exact signal, eliminating cumulative errors. An incoming (analog) signal is sampled, its value is determined, and the node then generates a new signal from the bit value; the incoming signal is discarded. With analog circuits, intermediate nodes amplify the incoming signal, noise and all. 8. Voice, data, video, etc. can all by carried by digital circuits. What about carrying digital signals over analog circuit? The modem example shows the difficulties in carrying digital over analog. Disadvantages The Digital Divide Disadvantage Financial ?The second is availability. Like the internet, DVDs, etc ? The third is capacity to understand. People who are not technocrats cannot unlock the advantages of digital technologies. The Obsolescence Digital technology is moving quickly and everybody knows that a new computer is out of date as soon as youve bought it. Fragile Digital systems can be fragile, in that if a single piece of digital data is lost or misinterpreted, the whole data changes meaning (Compare with sampling error). Data transmission is called simple if there are only two machines communicating, or if only a single piece of data is sent. In cases where several transmission lines are installed or where a transmission line is shared among several different communication actors the sharing is called multiplexing. Data and Signal Conversion Usually use digital signals for digital data and analog signals for analog data; however we can use analogue signal to carry digital data using ADC (Analogue to Digital Convertor) and digital signal to carry analogue data using DAC (Digital to Analogue Convertor). Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) An ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analogue voltage (or current or electronic impulse) to a digital number (converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. ) A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) Is a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analogue signal (current, voltage or electric impulse). A Modem is an electronic device that converts a computer’s digital signals into specific frequencies to travel over telephone or cable television lines. At the destination, the receiving modem demodulates the frequencies back into digital data. Computers use modems to communicate with one another over a network. The role of a modem is: When transmitting: to convert digital data (a sequence of 0s and 1s) into analogue signals. This process is called modulation. When receiving: convert the analogue signal into digital data. This process is called demodulation. In fact, the word modem is an acronym for Modulator/DEModulator Modulation is the process of combining an input signal m(t) and a carrier at frequency fc to produce a signal s(t) whose bandwidth is centered at fc . Motivation for conversion †¢The data frequencies may not allow for effective transmission †¢Frequency-division multiplexing Transmission of digital data over an analog line is achieved using a technique called modulation, where the digital bit stream is modulated over an analog carrier signal. A modem (modulator and demodulator) is a commonly used device which employs this technique. As illustrated in Figure 2. 11, a modem converts the outgoing digital bit stream from a device into an analog signal and converts the incoming analog signal into a digital bit stream. Figure shows the Role of modems. Three basic types of modulation are possible 1. Amplitude Modulation (AM) also called double-sideband transmitted carrier (DSBTC). In AM, the carrier signal’s amplitude is changed according to the modulating digital signal’s bit value. For example, two amplitude sizes (a small and a large one) may be used to, respectively, represent bit values 0 and 1. AM’s main weakness is its susceptibility to distortion. data carrying signal (modulating wave) envelope with dc components carrier Amplitude modulated wave 1. The outcome is a multiplication of the carrier amplitude by the amplitude of the envelope 2. The dc (direct current) component prevents loss of information that would be cause if the envelope boundaries cross one another. 2. Frequency Modulation (FM). In FM, the carrier signal’s frequency is changed according to the modulating digital signal’s bit value. For example, two frequency values (a low and a high one) may be used to, respectively, represent bit values 0 and 1. FM is more resistant to distortion than AM. 3. Phase Modulation (PM). In PM, the carrier signal’s phase is changed according to the modulating digital signal’s bit value. A change in the carrier signal’s phase indicates a change in the modulating digital signal’s bit value from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0. Digitization Modulation Digitization is essentially the opposite of modulation. Whereas in modulation a digital signal is modulated over an analog signal for transmission, in digitization an analog signal is converted into digital format through a process of sampling. For example, the analog signal resulting from human speech can be sampled and converted into digital data, transmitted over digital lines, and converted back to analog signal at the other end. These two functions are performed by a device called codec (coder/decoder) as shown in the figure below Reasons for Choosing Data and Signal Combinations 1. Digital data, digital signal: Equipment for encoding is less expensive than digital-to-analog equipment. 2. Analog data, digital signal: Conversion permits use of modern digital transmission and switching equipment. 3. Digital data, analogue signal: Some transmission media will only propagate analogue signals Examples include optical fiber and satellite. 4. Analogue data, analogue signal: Analogue data easily converted to analogue signal. Analogue Transmission Characteristics ?May be analog or digital data. ?Attenuated over distance. ?Use amplifiers to boost signal’s energy for long distances, leads to distortion. Digital Transmission Characteristics ?Attenuation endangers integrity of data ?Digital Signal carrying analogue data i. Repeaters achieve greater distance ii. Repeaters recover the signal and retransmit ?Analogue signal carrying digital data i. Retransmission device recovers the digital data from analogue signal. ii. Generates new, clean analogue signal. Converting Analogue to Digital In digital technology, the analogue wave is sampled at some interval, and then turned into binaries that are stored in the digital device. Sampling measures the analog signal at different moments in time, recording the physical property of the signal (such as voltage) as a number. The coding process generates the sample data from the analog signal. The decoding process regenerates an approximation of the original signal by fitting a smooth curve to the sampled points. The quality of the regenerated signal can be improved by increasing the sampling rate (i. e. reducing the sampling interval), but up to a limit dictated by the Nyquist’s theorem. This limit is exercised by a popular digitization technique called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) which uses a sampling rate twice that of the original signal frequency. For example, a 4 kHz speech signal is sampled at a rate of 8000 samples per second. The main advantage of digitization is that, due to its resistance to distortion, it is m uch easier to reliably transmit a digital signal over a long distance than an analog signal. Reading off the vertical scale on the left, the following numbers 0, 5, 3, 3, -4, are transmitted. The number of bits needed to represent them is known as the bit resolution. Digital recording converts the analog wave into a stream of numbers and records the numbers instead of the wave using an ADC. To play back the music, the stream of numbers is converted back to an analog wave by a DAC. The analog wave produced by the DAC is amplified and fed to the speakers to produce the sound. The analog wave produced by the DAC will be the same every time, as long as the numbers are not corrupted and will also be very similar to the original analog wave if the ADC sampled at a high rate and produced accurate numbers. Converting Digital to Analogue Each dot in the figure above represents one audio sample. In any digital recording technology), the goal is to create a recording with very high fidelity (very high similarity between the original signal and the reproduced signal) and perfect reproduction (the recording sounds the same every single time you play it no matter how many times you play it). Two factors determine the quality of a digital recording. Sample Rate: The rate at which the samples are captured or played back, measured in Hertz (Hz), or samples per second. An audio CD has a sample rate of 44,100 Hz, often written as 44 KHz for short. Sample Format or Size or Sample Precision: This is the number of digits in the digital representation of each sample. An audio CD has a precision of 16 bits, which corresponds to about 5 decimal digits. The higher the sampling rate and the sample precision, the lower the sampling error, hence the closer the similarity between the original wave and the DAC’s output. An improved Analogue signal In general, finer resolution (bits on the vertical axis) and faster sampling, gets you better quality (reproduction of the original signal) but the size of the file increases accordingly. Data Encoding Digital transmission is the sending of information over a physical communications media in the form of digital signals. Analogue signals must therefore be digitized first before being transmitted. However, digital information cannot be sent directly in the form of 0s and 1s, it must be encoded in the form of a signal with two states, for example Encoding: This is the process of putting a sequence of characters (like letters, numbers, and certain symbols) into a specialized format for efficient transmission or storage. Decoding (opposite process): It is the conversion of an encoded format back into the original sequence of characters. Encoding and decoding are used in data communications, networking, and storage Coding Terminology ?Data element: a single binary 1 or 0 ?Signal element: a voltage pulse of constant amplitude ?Unipolar: All signal elements have the same sign ?Polar: One logic state represented by positive voltage the other by negative voltage ? Data rate: Rate of data (R) transmission in bits per second ? Duration or length of a bit: Time taken for transmitter to emit the bit (Tb=1/R) ? Modulation rate: Rate at which the signal level changes, measured in baud = signal elements per second. Depends on type of digital encoding used. Mark and Space Binary 1 and Binary 0 respectively Types of encoding Systems There are various encoding systems which are divided into two categories: 1. Two-level encoding: the signal can only take on a strictly negative or strictly positive value (-X or +X, where X represents a value of the physical quantity being used to transport the signal) 2. Three-level encoding: the s ignal can take on a strictly negative, null or strictly positive value (-X, 0 or +X) Have already noted in earlier that both analog and digital information can be encoded as either analog or digital signals: Signal Encoding ChoiceReason Digital data encoded into digital signalssimplest form of digital encoding of digital data Digital data, analog signalA modem converts digital data to an analog signal so that it can be transmitted over an analog Analog data, digital signalsAnalog data, such as voice and video, are often digitized to be able to use digital transmission facilities Analog data, analog signalsAnalog data are modulated by a carrier frequency to produce an analog signal in a different frequency band, which can be utilized on an analog transmission system The figure below emphasizes the process involved in this. For digital signaling, a data source g(t), which may be either digital or analog, is encoded into a digital signal x(t). The basis for analog signaling is a continuous constant-frequency fc signal known as the carrier signal. Data may be transmitted using a carrier signal by modulation, which is the process of encoding source data onto the carrier signal. All modulation techniques involve operation on one or more of the three fundamental frequency domain parameters: amplitude, frequency, and phase. The input signal m(t) may be analog or digital and is called the modulating signal, and the result of modulating the carrier signal is called the modulated signal s(t). Encoding and Modulation Techniques Digital Signaling Versus Analog Signaling ?Digital signaling ? Digital or analog data is encoded into a digital signal ? Encoding may be chosen to conserve bandwidth or to minimize error ? Analog Signaling ? Digital or analog data modulates analog carrier signal ? The frequency of the carrier frequency currency (fc) is chosen to be compatible with the transmission medium used ? Modulation: the amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the modulating data signal ? by using different carrier frequencies, multiple data signals (users) can share the same transmission medium ? Digital data, digital signal ?Simplest encoding scheme: assign one voltage level to binary one and another voltage level to binary zero ? More complex encoding schemes: are used to improve performance (reduce transmission bandwidth and minimize errors). ?Examples are NRZ-L, NRZI, Manchester, etc. ?Analog data, Digital signal Analog data, such as voice and video ?Often digitized to be able to use digital transmission facility ? Example: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), which involves sampling the analog data periodically and quantizing the samples ?Digital data, Analog Signal ?A modem converts digital data to an analog signal so that it can be transmitted over an analog line ? The digital data modulates the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier analo g signal ? Examples: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK) ? Analog data, Analog Signal Analog data, such as voice and video modulate the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal to produce an analog signal in a different frequency band ? Examples: Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), Phase Modulation (PM) ?Digital Data, Digital Signal Encoding Digital data to digital signals: A digital signal is a sequence of discrete, it has discontinuous voltage pulses. Each pulse is a signal element. Binary data are transmitted by encoding each data bit into signal elements. In the simplest case, there is a one-to-one correspondence between bits and signal elements. More complex encoding schemes are used to improve performance, by altering the spectrum of the signal and providing synchronization capability. In general, the equipment for encoding digital data into a digital signal is less complex and less expensive than digital-to-analog modulation equipment Interpreting Signals Need to know The tasks involved in interpreting digital signals at the receiver can be summarized as follows. 1. Timing of bits when they start and end: The receiver must know the timing of each bit, knowing with some accuracy when a bit begins and ends. 2. Signal levels: The receiver must determine whether the signal level for each bit position is high (0) or low (1). These tasks can be performed by sampling each bit position in the middle of the interval and comparing the value to a threshold. Because of noise and other impairments, there will be errors. Three factors are important: I. The signal-to-noise ratio, II. The data rate, and III. The bandwidth. With other factors held constant, the following statements are true: †¢An increase in data rate increases bit error rate (BER). †¢An increase in synchronization (SNR) decreases bit error rate. An increase in bandwidth allows an increase in data rate. There is another factor that can be used to improve performance, and that is the encoding scheme. The encoding scheme is simply the mapping from data bits to signal elements. Comparison of Encoding Schemes/Techniques Before describing the various encoding techniques, consider the following ways of evaluating or comparing them: I . Signal Spectrum: Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth, lack of direct current (dc) component allows ac coupling via transformer, providing isolation, should concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth II. Clocking: need for synchronizing transmitter and receiver either with an external clock or with a sync mechanism based on signal III. Error detection: useful if can be built into signal encoding IV. Signal interference and noise immunity: some codes are better than others V. Cost and complexity: Higher signal rate ( thus data rate) lead to higher costs, some codes require signal rate greater than data rate Encoding Schemes NonReturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L) ?Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits ?Voltage constant during bit interval ?no transition, i. e. no return to zero voltage more often, negative voltage for binary one and positive voltage for binary zero The most common, and easiest, way to transmit digital signals is to use two different voltage levels for the two binary digits. Codes that follow this strategy share the property that the voltage level is constant during a bit interval; there is no transition (no return to a zero voltage level). Can have absence of voltage used t o represent binary 0, with a constant positive voltage used to represent binary 1. More commonly a negative voltage represents one binary value and a positive voltage represents the other. This is known as Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L). NRZ-L is typically the code used to generate or interpret digital data by terminals and other devices. NonReturn to Zero INVERTED (NRZI) A variation of NRZ is known as NRZI (Nonreturn to Zero, invert on ones). As with NRZ-L, NRZI maintains a constant voltage pulse for the duration of a bit time. The data bits are encoded as the presence or absence of a signal transition at the beginning of the bit time. A transition (low to high or high to low) at the beginning of a bit time denotes a binary 1 for that bit time; no transition indicates a binary 0. NRZI is an example of differential encoding. In differential encoding, the information to be transmitted is represented in terms of the changes between successive signal elements rather than the signal elements themselves. The encoding of the current bit is determined as follows: 1. If the current bit is a binary 0, then the current bit is encoded with the same signal as the preceding bit; 2. If the current bit is a binary 1, then the current bit is encoded with a different signal than the preceding bit. One benefit of differential encoding is that it may be more reliable to detect a transition in the presence of noise than to compare a value to a threshold (entrance). Another benefit is that with a complex transmission layout, it is easy to lose the sense of the polarity of the signal. In summary ?Nonreturn to zero inverted on ones ?Constant voltage pulse for duration of bit ?Data encoded as presence or absence of signal transition at beginning of bit time ? transition (low to high or high to low) denotes binary 1 ? no transition denotes binary 0 ?Example of differential encoding since have ?data represented by changes rather than levels ?more reliable detection of transition rather than level Advantages and disadvantages of NRZ-L, NRZI The NRZ codes are the easiest to engineer and, in addition, make efficient use of bandwidth. Most of the energy in NRZ and NRZI signals is between dc and half the bit rate. The main limitations of NRZ signals are the presence of a dc component and the lack of synchronization capability. Consider that with a long string of 1s or 0s for NRZ-L or a long string of 0s for NRZI, the output is a constant voltage over a long period of time. Under these circumstances, any drift between the clocks of transmitter and receiver will result in loss of synchronization between the two. Because of their simplicity and relatively low frequency response characteristics, NRZ codes are commonly used for digital magnetic recording. However, their limitations make these codes unattractive for signal transmission applications. In summary ?Easy to engineer ?Make efficient use of bandwidth However ?Suffers from the presence of dc component ?Lack of synchronization capabilities due to potential of long runs of unchanged voltage levels. ?Attractive for digital magnetic recording, but not for signal transmissions. ?The spectral density graph shows that most of the energy spent between dc and half the bit rate Multilevel Binary Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) It is a category of encoding techniques known as multilevel binary addresses some of the deficiencies of the NRZ codes. These codes use more than two signal levels. In the bipolar-AMI scheme, a binary 0 is represented by no line signal, and a binary 1 is represented by a positive or negative pulse. The binary 1 pulses must alternate in polarity. There are several advantages to this approach. 1. There will be no loss of synchronization if a long string of 1s occurs. Each 1 introduces a transition, and the receiver can resynchronize on that transition. A long string of 0s would still be a problem. 2. Because the 1 signals alternate in voltage from positive to negative, there is no net dc component. Also, the bandwidth of the resulting signal is considerably less than the bandwidth for NRZ. 3. The pulse alternation property provides a simple means of error detection. Any isolated error, whether it deletes a pulse or adds a pulse, causes a violation of this property. In summary ?Use more than two levels (three levels, positive, negative and no line signal) ? Bipolar-AMI ?zero represented by no line signal one represented by positive or negative pulse ?one pulses alternate in polarity ?no loss of sync if a long string of ones ?long runs of zeros still a problem ?no net dc component ?lower bandwidth ?easy error detection Multilevel Binary Pseudoternary The comments on bipolar-AMI also apply to pseudoternary. In this case, it is the binary 1 that is represented by the absence of a line signal, and the binary 0 by alternating positive an d negative pulses. There is no particular advantage of one technique versus the other, and each is the basis of some applications. In summary Binary one represented by absence of line signal ?Binary zero represented by alternating positive and negative pulses ? No advantage or disadvantage over bipolar-AMI ?Each used in some applications Advantages and disadvantages Although a degree of synchronization is provided with these codes, a long string of 0s in the case of AMI or 1s in the case of pseudoternary still presents a problem. Several techniques have been used to address this deficiency. One approach is to insert additional bits that force transitions. This technique is used in ISDN (integrated services digital etwork) for relatively low data rate transmission. Of course, at a high data rate, this scheme is expensi

D Giovanni-Conflict in Emotion essays

D Giovanni-Conflict in Emotion essays Don Giovanni: Simultaneous Conflicting Emotions Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart conceals some very complicated techniques of musical emotion in his music for the stage. Among these is his ability to convey not mixed emotions, but separate, conflicting emotions and events involving multiple characters in one scene. An example of this genius is found in his opera "Don Giovanni." I chose the 1977 Glyndebourne Festival Production. I will be analyzing the finale of Act I, score measures 415 to 457. I think it most effective to not skip around in the score, but rather straight through, and you will see that not only does Mozart creates multiple emotions, he also has them overlapping as in the finale of Act I. This scene is a party thrown by Don Giovanni. Starting in measure 415, Leporello is starting the whole group to dance, and his words are conveyed in a smooth, convincing style, so as to keep the general group out of the loop. Donna Elvira comments to Donna Anna that Don Giovanni's voice has given him away, and these words are expressed with short, choppy rhythms, almost recitative-like, indicating a hint of animosity.(mm 417-18) Donna Anna replies, expressing her hurt in a series of long, high descending notes.(mm 418-19) Don Ottavio responds to them in a recitative fashion, yet melodic as if to convey the hiding of vengeful feeling for the moment and to pretend to enjoy an evening of dancing.(mm 420-21) At this point, Don Giovanni and Leporello comment in a relieved melodic duet that everything is good so far.(mm 423-25) Then Masetto sings triumphantly that in his observation, the evening is going well, too.(mm 425-29) Is it though? This amplifies Masetto's ignorance of two t hings - one, that Zerlina is emotionally troubled, and two, that he knows nothing of Don Giovanni's impending plan. When Don Giovanni realizes this, he quickly commands Leporello to distract Masetto away from Zerlina. His tone is sung in short, cut ...

Correctional Reform in the United States Assignment

Correctional Reform in the United States - Assignment Example Introduction The prison reforms carried out by the Pennsylvania Prison Society were in many ways way ahead of their time and form the foundation of a lot of modern correctional facility design, function and purpose. The first prison built as a result of the reforms initiated by this society resulted in the first facilities with individual cells for prisoners including a flush toilet in each one (even before there was a flush toilet in the White House) and the first use of the modern shower. The prison was seen not as a place of punishment but more as a place for those found guilty to perform a kind of penance for their crimes, hence the name â€Å"Penitentiary† was coined to represent a prison. These reforms did not happen by accident but were as a result of sustained pressure from right thinking members of society and became the basis of today’s correctional systems (Lynch, 2011). 1. The main group that was associated with this change was the Pennsylvania Prison Societ y, whose members came from different Christian faith that were resident in Philadelphia. The group included professionals, clergymen, merchants and other leaders in the society. They were mainlyQuakers by religion and their interest in prisons was in a large way influenced by the fact that they had endured religious persecution that frequently included imprisonment thus they had already formed an interest in prison conditions and the treatment meted out to prisoners in these establishments. 2. The reforms were desired because of the public outcry over the treatment of prisoners. In the 1700s, prison services were established with three major objectives –reforming the prisoners so they came back to being useful and viable members of society once again, prevention of further crimes by showing to all and sundry and especially the lawbreakers that crime did not pay and thirdly to protect the public and other members of society from criminals and other such offenders. However, the resources to adequately house the prisoners were never adequate. As a result, jailers who were not paid a regular salary before the reforms would extort money from the prisoners while at the same time selling them alcohol, cigarettes and making them pay for every service provided in the prisons. The prisoners ended up having to sell their clothing and pay huge bribes during their stay in the prison. Prisoners were supposed to serve hard labor along the streets of Philadelphia especially while awaiting their sentencing and the sight of them chained together, many of them nearly naked; walking the streets of the city caused a great public outcry. There were also reports of prostitution taking place in the prisons as well, under the watchful eyes of bribe-taking jailers. That, coupled with the widespread sale and consumption of alcohol in the jails resulted in a lot of violence and fights that led to injury, death and a generally low quality of life for the inmates in the city’ s jails. These are the reasons that caused the need for reform (Lynch, 2011). 3. The reforms that were initiated were largely successful. There was improvement in especially the public perception and the public attitude towards prisoners, who were seen as members of society

Bermuda Triangle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bermuda Triangle - Research Paper Example A body of water that seems to take human sacrifices, making both man and machine disappear as they trek across its waters. Be it by air or sea, it seems that there is an unnatural force existing in that area that our modern abilities cannot overcome. The Bermuda Triangle has thus, remained a mystery for many decades now. However, time has not satiated man's quest to explain the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle. Rather, it has only fed his desire to conquer one of the most inexplicable places on our planet. Therefore, the questions continues to remain â€Å"What is the Mystery of the Bermuda Triangle?†. There have actually been a number of myths developing around the strange and mysterious disappearance that have happened in the area that can be traced all the way back to the time of Columbus and the discovery of the New World. Historically, there have been a long line of military and private vessels that have gone missing within the triangle area, the most popular disappearance being that of the fame female pilot Amelia Earhart. Most recently however, famed fashion designer Vittorio Missoni was also reported to have disappeared during a flight that took his plane directly into the triangle's path (Speigel, Lee â€Å"Vittorio Missoni's Disappearance Gives Rise to New Fears of Bermuda Triangle Worldwide†). ... on in the North Atlantic Ocean that forms a triangle using the bodies of water located within three key points; Miami, Florida, Bermuda, and San Juan, Puerto Rico (â€Å"The Bermuda Triangle†). When one views the and traces these location points on a current world map, one will easily notice the triangle formation that exists within the three. It is this very specific shape of the area that led to the name Bermuda Triangle, with Bermuda being the central point between the three. Although most popularly known as the Bermuda Triangle by most people, the name was never made official for the area. In fact, there is still a huge scientific and social debate as to whether the Bermuda Triangle actually exists or not. The area has not even been cordoned off ala Area 51. Instead, the stretch of water occupied by these points continue to be a source of air and water traffic for the region. There have been no reports of extra precautions being undertaken such as higher insurance premiums or vessel surveillance when ships and planes pass through the area. Agrosy Magazine was the first magazine to have used the term â€Å"Bermuda Triangle† in an article written by Vincent H. Gaddis in 1964. Gaddis is documented in the magazine article as being the first person to use the term in making a publicly claim that ships and planes disappeared under mysterious circumstances within this sea area. However, Fate Magazine in 1952 published the first documented claim that the area seemed to be infested with strange accidents (â€Å"The â€Å"Mystery† of the Bermuda Triangle†). These published claims helped fuel the various theories that added to the mystery and interest of the public in learning more about what lay beneath the mysterious waters. Covering an area of over 500,000 square miles, the

Violent Acts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violent Acts - Essay Example act of violence and torture on the peasant women of his hacienda, and sometimes on his wife, Clara reflects the greater violence afflicted on the people by the military regime after the election. There is a kind of ‘poetic justice’ that Allende seems to have maintained in the depiction of violence in her novel. Colonel Esteban Garcia’s raping and torturing of Alba somehow completes the circle of injustice that Alba’s grandfather had done on Garcia’s grandmother and father. In the first half of the story, Clara’s sister Rosa accidentally dies of poison that was meant for her father. In both the cases, Rosa and Alba suffer for no crime of theirs. They were innocent, just like the hundreds of men, women and children of Chile who were victims of violence and bloodshed in the 70s for no sin of theirs. Though Allende nowhere directly mentions the ‘capital city’ in the novel to be Chile, it is quite understandable from the depiction of f acts and events. Her attitude to violence and its long term consequences is explicit in the writings of Alba, "The day my grandfather tumbled Pancha Garci ­a among the rushes of the riverbank, he added another link to the chain of events that had to complete itself. Afterward the grandson of the woman who was raped repeats the gesture with the granddaughter of the rapist, and perhaps forty years from now my grandson will knock Garci ­as granddaughter down among the rushes, and so on down through the centuries in an unending tale of sorrow, blood, and love." (Allende, 432). Allende’s fear of never-ending violence grapping mankind in the coming years surfaces when she addresses crime as a ‘chain of events’ that will keep on growing bigger and bigger through revenge and retribution. More revenge will lead to more violence which will ultimately bring doom to the entire mankind. So Allende looks to the future with hopes for a violence-free peaceful world when Alba feels like forgiving her torturer at the end. Other

Different kinds of motivation

Different kinds of motivation The importance of different kinds of motivation in SL learning The presence of different types of motivation can be really helpful for the language learner to achieve the best possible results in the learning process. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any kind of learning without motivation. Although too high levels of enthusiasm may backfire (and cause anxiety), it is inevitable to possess a healthy level of motivation in order to achieve results. Although students motivation is obviously not entirely under the teachers control, the instructor should do whatever is possible to increase this factor. It is commonly acknowledged that motivation can positively influence language learning. People are heavily dominated by their emotions, even in such seemingly dispassionate issues as language learning is. No wonder that student feelings have as much power to affect their learning success as their styles and strategies (Ehrman, 1996, p.135.). According to the definition of Ehrman (1996), motivation is the perceived payoff for the students investment of time, energy, and effort.(p.137.). Apparently, if this payoff is low, the student will either stop learning the language for good or, if they do not have an option, they will be caught in a web of bad feelings and even worse grades. Then, the failures will only generate further disappointment. On the other hand, a student who finds at least one legitimate reason for continuing their language study is already on the right track. Anyone who has attempted language study is able to think of a number of such reasons. Yet, the scientific study of motivation is extremely challenging, since all the factors influencing motivation are interrelated and continually changing. They cannot very well be categorized according to the degree of their power. Therefore, motivation for learning a foreign language has usually been classified according to its possible sources. A common way of categorization is to distinguish extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. According to definition (and closely connected with its name) intrinsic motivation is thought of as being within the task itself: a sense of achievement, self-esteem, pride in solving the problem, enjoyment of the class, being able to use the language as desired. (Johnson Johnson, 1998, p.220.) Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is connected with other consequences of success on the task (Johnson Johnson, p.220.), such as promotion at ones workplace, good grades, and so on. Another model of classification is that of Robert Gardners (as cited in Ehrman, 1996). He divided motivation into instrumental and integrative types. The first may be equated to extrinsic motivation, while the other is more interesting; it has to do with the desire to become part of a target language community. (Ehrman, 1996) As the research of motivation in language learning progressed, many other theories have been drawn up, using similar and new motivating elements as well. An especially intricate model of motivation has been created by Zoltà ¡n Dà ¶rnyei. It is called the L2 Motivational Self System and it consists of three main components: ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self and the L2 learning experience. (as cited in Csizà ©r Kormos, 2009, p.99.). The ideal L2 self is an image of how students would like to see themselves, in this case, as fluent speakers of a given language. This component includes Gardners integrative motivation as well. The ought-to L2 self includes the characteristics of an ideal person who is able to evade failure in language study. The notion of L2 learning experience is quite easy to grasp, it basically means the motivating force of the learning settings. An experiment that Csizà ©r and Kormos (2009) conducted with the participation of secondary school and university students in Budapest gave the results that the main factors influencing language learning were the ideal L2 self and the learning experiences, while the role of the ought-to L2 self seemed marginal (Csizà ©r Kormos, p.109.). Although this study is bound to be somewhat narrow to draw too general conclusions from, it clearly demonstrates an important idea: the learning environment has a great influence on student motivation. As is shown by the experiment of Csizà ©r and Kormos (2009), some motivation types have an implication for language instruction, because they may be influenced by teaching strategy. However, there are several problems with enhancing motivation. In the first place, as it has been mentioned before, it is not an easy task to study motivation: motivation types are notoriously difficult to isolate and motivation is problematical to measure. Moreover, the relationship of theory and research to classroom situation (Johnson Johnson, 1998, p.223.) is also questionable, that is, the theories are often difficult to prove and apply in real life situations. What is more, although motivation is generally considered to be necessary, teachers might not be able to devote enough attention to it, because of the large size of the learning group or other unfavourable circumstances. Finally, there are cases when motivation simply cannot be influenced from the outside, as in the case of integrative motiv ation of a person who pointedly dislikes a culture associated with a language or feels aversions to the language itself. In spite of all these complications, there has been a consistent move towards motivation-enhancing learning activities (Johnson Johnson, 1998, p.224.). The ways Ehrman (1996) suggests to deal with lack of motivation are the following: most importantly she advises listening to the anger, tension, and mixed motivations (p.142) of the unenthusiastic students and helping them cope with their destructive emotions using, for example, relaxation exercises(p.143). Another idea of Ehrman (1996) is to motivate students with activities that are in accordance with their interests and pastimes. These strategies sound very practical and sensible, however, they have considerable limitations taking into account the varied composition of the class and the fact that the teacher is not a psychologist. There are other, more theoretical means that are thought to boost motivation as well. According to Stevick (as cited in Johnson Johnson, 1998) relevance of material to the students language requirements , completeness of the syllabus, authenticity of the information provided, satisfaction of students beyond learning and immediacy of the knowledge gained are five types of reward that could be built into materials and would encourage students to persevere and succeed. (Johnson Johnson, 1996, p.224.). Some of Stevicks ideas, namely that of relevance, authenticity and immediacy have already been adopted (the first two by the Language for Specific Purposes movement and the last one in Notional Functional Syllabuses), while completeness and satisfaction are more debated (Johnson Johnson, p.224.) In summary, motivation is a slippery notion that can be neither measured properly, nor examined very precisely, as it changes from community to community, from person to person, and may even change in the learning history of a single student. Still, there are ways to study motivation and as it is admittedly an important factor of language learning, research and practice, hand in hand, should try to find ways to make it as high as possible. References Csizà ©r, K., Kormos, J. (2009). Learning Experiences, Selves and Motivated Learning Behaviour: A Comparative Analysis of Structural Models for Hungarian Secondary and University Learners of English. In Z. Dà ¶rnyei E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self (pp. 98-119). Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters. Ehrman, M. E. (1996). Understanding Second Language Learning Difficulties. London: SAGE. Johnson, K., Johnson H. (Eds.). (1998). Motivation. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics. (pp. 219-225). Oxford, England: Blackwell.

The First Amendment Essay -- The Bill of Rights

America has been built on freedom throughout the years. Freedom to speak, freedom to choose, freedom to worship, and freedom to do just about anything you want within that of the law. America’s law has been designed to protect and preserve these freedoms. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. It assures citizens that the federal government shall not restrict freedom of worship. It specifically prohibits Congress from establishing an official, government supported church. Under The First Amendment, the federal government cannot require citizens to pay taxes to support a certain church, nor can people be prohibited from worshipping in any way they see fit. However, if a certain religion recommends a practice that is contrary to public morals, such as polygamy, Congress may prohibit such a practice (Weidner, Daniel, 2002). The people of the United States also have the right to assemble peaceably under the First Amendment. The o nly restriction comes from the word peaceably. Assembly may not be prevented, as long as the proper authorities have reasonable assurance that the meeting will be peaceful (Weidner, Daniel, 2002). Since the early history of our country, the protection of basic freedoms has been very important to Americans. The American voice on freedom has been shaped throughout history. The Bill of Rights was originally drawn up in June, 1789. On December 15th, 1791, the Bill of Rights were ratified and added to the United States Constitution. James Madison said that a bill of rights was good for the â€Å"tranquility of the public mind, and the stability of the government† (Burgar, Michael, 2002). Free speech and free press were most important to the drafters of the Bill of Ri... ...ves would be completely different in many different ways. Works Cited Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Tornillo (1974). (n.d.). Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free online reference, research & homework help. — Infoplease.com. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://www.infoplease.com/us/supreme-court/cases/ar22.html First Amendment Theories. (n.d.). Theories. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~rr194602/Media%20Law/Theories.html Weidner, D. W. (2002). Creating the Constitution: the people and events that formed the nation. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow. Burgan, M. (2002). The Bill of Rights . Minneapolis, Minn.: Compass Point Books. Notable First Amendment court cases. (n.d.). American Library Association. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/ †¨ The First Amendment Essay -- The Bill of Rights America has been built on freedom throughout the years. Freedom to speak, freedom to choose, freedom to worship, and freedom to do just about anything you want within that of the law. America’s law has been designed to protect and preserve these freedoms. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. It assures citizens that the federal government shall not restrict freedom of worship. It specifically prohibits Congress from establishing an official, government supported church. Under The First Amendment, the federal government cannot require citizens to pay taxes to support a certain church, nor can people be prohibited from worshipping in any way they see fit. However, if a certain religion recommends a practice that is contrary to public morals, such as polygamy, Congress may prohibit such a practice (Weidner, Daniel, 2002). The people of the United States also have the right to assemble peaceably under the First Amendment. The o nly restriction comes from the word peaceably. Assembly may not be prevented, as long as the proper authorities have reasonable assurance that the meeting will be peaceful (Weidner, Daniel, 2002). Since the early history of our country, the protection of basic freedoms has been very important to Americans. The American voice on freedom has been shaped throughout history. The Bill of Rights was originally drawn up in June, 1789. On December 15th, 1791, the Bill of Rights were ratified and added to the United States Constitution. James Madison said that a bill of rights was good for the â€Å"tranquility of the public mind, and the stability of the government† (Burgar, Michael, 2002). Free speech and free press were most important to the drafters of the Bill of Ri... ...ves would be completely different in many different ways. Works Cited Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Tornillo (1974). (n.d.). Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free online reference, research & homework help. — Infoplease.com. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://www.infoplease.com/us/supreme-court/cases/ar22.html First Amendment Theories. (n.d.). Theories. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~rr194602/Media%20Law/Theories.html Weidner, D. W. (2002). Creating the Constitution: the people and events that formed the nation. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow. Burgan, M. (2002). The Bill of Rights . Minneapolis, Minn.: Compass Point Books. Notable First Amendment court cases. (n.d.). American Library Association. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/ †¨

Murray Bookchin and the Integral Community Essay

Both Locke and Proudhon speak about integrity, integrity as a person with property and skills in a society that no longer recognizes the person. They speak about natural law: the right top freedom and work, the right to function in society as a full person, not as a machine. These rights (and the duties that come with them) are a part of nature, they exist as objective realities, and hence, moral integrity is reached in coming to grips with the reality of these rights and duties: but come to grips not as a part of a state system, but as a person, since these rights predate the state and the modern economic system. Hence, both are subject to natural law, and the repository of the natural law in practical terms is the whole body of the community. Murray Bookchin takes the concept of natural law even further than both Locke or Proudhon. His central concept is that the very existence of the natural whole, the dynamic world of non-human nature, can no longer exist as an â€Å"other,† some useless lump of matter that needs to be exploited for profit. In other words, it is the violation of the natural rights of man that has led to the environmental degradation and exploitation of the modern world. The rule of capital and the central state has destroyed any sense of the rights of man or nature in a real revolutionary sense as outlined above. Instead, they have created wants and needs, and based all of his on a vulgar, pleasure-seeking utilitarianism (Bookchin, 1993, 350). Hence, the crisis we are facing, both the specific crisis of debt and foreclosure in 2009, as well as the deeper crisis of values and rights that have existed since Locke’s time, can be based to systemic causes. This means that it is the system itself that is the problem, and the values crisis is also related to the methods the current system uses to justify itself. But the truth is that natural law functions because man is not essentially different from the natural world around him. Man and nature derive from the same source and are made of the same materials, it is only man that can use technology with substantial theoretical foresight and hence, becomes a very different creature from the non-human nature around him. But this is precisely the problem, since this distinction between human and non-human nature have led to a mentality, a mentality deriving from ancient magic, that the natural world is â€Å"broken† and demands to be fixed by human work. Of course, this is just a mystification for elite rule and domination (Bookchin, 1993, 367-368). The practical effect of all of this is the development of technology that has the creation of needs and wants as its end: the creation of markets and profits. Technology and markets, in other words, have taken on a life of their own over and above the real needs of the community as well as the natural world as a whole (human’s included). These institutions, the market and technology, have long since overstepped their bounds, the bounds that natural law has created for them: the meeting of relatively simple human needs and the creation of rational mechanisms for distribution. When the market and the technological elite broke these natural bounds, the irrational and unnatural ideas of limitless development and hence, limitless profits took over and provided these things with their own world and their own rationale far beyond the much older, rational limits. Hence, the question of moral integrity is a matter of limits, and a matter of the ideas of the market or technology creating a world of their own, alienated form the communities that they were originally meant to serve. Thus, moral integrity is about limits, and the rejoining of technology to the community: in this case, Bookchin and Proudhon are in agreement. While Bookchin stresses the idea of citizenship in an integral community, Proudhon stresses man as a producer, beyond the state and in no need fo it. For Bookchin, a citizen is an integral person by definition: the citizen is someone who can balance the needs to the market, the individual and the person within a integral whole; the community legislating for itself as to what it needs and what will work in specific circumstances.

Free King’s High Justice Informative Essay

Free King’s High Justice Informative Essay King’s High Justice Frollo, the Kings High Justice asserts that he is willing to defend France from heresy that can be spread by potential integration of Gypsy and other foreigners into Paris. The civility of the High Justice is in question in regard to prejudice against various groups of people; thus, the High Justice represents the force of oppression whereby Frollo intimidates people by asserting to reach a judgment to hang any critic of the old order. The High Justice is pleased to thwart physical processes of cooperation by creating divisions aimed at protecting Paris while discriminating against foreigners. Racial and ethnic hatred is used to justify oppression because of ignorance, limited capability to activate collective consciousness. Frollo the High Justice represents the unfair justice within Paris in regard to giving people to the freedom of though. Frollo is determined to preserving the old system by using discriminative measures whereby he is willing to hang anyone who disobeys order; he means elimination or xenophobia based on perceived prejudice. Frollo demonstrates more authorized habit when he protests before the King identifying that if he allowed freedom of Gypsies to develop, Paris civilization would weaken because foreigners lacked probable cultural values to survive in the city. Therefore, Frollo manipulates the administration of the High Justice agency to attack and destroy specific perceived foreigners; I for my part will protect France from these printed books as I will protect her from witches, sorcerers and Gypsies, the foreign race that is overrunning all of Europe( The hunchback of Notre dame 1). Ethnic and racial discrimination themes play turns in the movie when the Guard is lashing a carava n member believed to be Gypsies and foreigners. The High Justices mandate is expressed through the hand and mind of the Guard who forces Gypsies and other foreigners to understand the new law requiring foreigners to obtain a permit. Only Frenchmen are allowed to enter into Paris while the supporters of foreigners must undergo a rigorous permit issuance exercise. The Guard complains about the presence of foreigners in Paris; however, the Gypsy Man who stereotypes the new hope insists that the Frenchmen had no right to restrict the arriving foreigners Foreigners! You came yesterday, we come today (The hunchback of Notre dame 1). The Gypsy Man finds the High Justices rationale for cruelty quite amusing that he shrugs off the Guards attempt to halt the caravan. Localized discrimination is symbolized by the hunchback; when a girl runs into the hunchback, she runs crying directly into the grandmother who immediately informs her to go home and lit a candle to eliminate the intent of meeting the social superstitious person. Fear of superstitious created taboos and practices that created more fear among the people disarming the adventurous human spirit. For instance if the hunchback crosses the path of anyone in Paris by accident, there was a possibility of suffering from emotional setbacks due to the anxiety created by the social stereotypical hatred against the hunchback. The hunchback is defined as a strong, bow-legged yet horrible like the Cyclops (Eliot 57). The King is tolerant and aware of the social transformation process that lauds the success of the free thought and reprimands Frollo, the High Justice for his biased opinion about new freedom of thought. The King admits that the world is round after citing Christopher Columbuss experience in the sea, while those opposing the King like the 1st Courtier remain dogmatically influenced by the old control knowledge that conform to the idea that the world is flat. Oppression is based on limiting capacity and understanding that ultimately creates unrest and violence out of confusion. Antagonism between religion and science believes are tested when interpreting the right shape of the world whereby the flat theory is compared to the science stance that the earth is spherical. The evidence is reflected on questioning the progress of the new thought whereby every man in France would become literate and even. When Frollo rejects to cover for Esmeralda just because she is of foreign race, the Kin g scolds Frollo. Ironically, when the King asks Frollo if the gypsy woman made his pulse beat faster; the warning foreshadowed Frollos action of forcing Esmeralda to love him and when Esmeralda refused Frollo labeled her a witch. Quasimodo who first fell in love with the Esmeralda throws Frollo down the cathedral out of jealousy and in order to save Esmeralda from the gallows. Esmeralda represents the downtrodden foreigners in Paris Though they sometimes have a feeling, wrong choices in life because of ignorance determines the foreigners fate. For instance, Esmeralda believed to be safe with the soldier who takes orders from another authority (Eliot 43). Therefore, the execution of Esmeralda coincides with the elimination of the old thought influenced by ignorance about individual situations particularly concerning perceptions of beauty and frightful. The Archbishop is equally receptive in understanding the true social justice though quite dogmatic about the effects of oppression. At the Sanctuary, the Archbishop informs Esmeralda that her condition as a Gypsy should not disappoint her from achieving her objectives since everything is willed by the generosity of one giver. On the contrary, Frollo confronts Esmeralda as the Cathedral when praying making fun of her as a heathen not fit to pray in the cathedral (Eliot 14). Frollos discriminative approach is based on the notion that the famed dancer was shameless for awakening everymans sinful desires to look at the Gypsy Esmeralda. Gringoire helps Esmeralda escape from Frollos and Quasimodos firm grip. The poet is struggling for recognition and when he finds himself in the court of miracles he is condemned to death by hanging. Oppression is presented again when Gringoire marries Esmeralda only to be disappointed since she is in love with Phoebus. However, Phoebus is stabbed by Frollo who implicates Esmeralda. Frollo is determined to hang Esmeralda for refusing to accept him, but Quasimodo jumps from roof snatching Esmeralda to the cathedral where she is protected while Quasimodo hurled Frollo down from bell tower.

Brigadier General David McMurtrie Gregg in the Civil War

Brigadier General David McMurtrie Gregg in the Civil War David McM. Gregg - Early Life Career: Born April 10, 1833, in Huntingdon, PA, David McMurtrie Gregg was the third child of Matthew and Ellen Gregg.   Following his fathers death in 1845, Gregg moved with his mother to Hollidaysburg, PA.   His time there proved brief as she died two years later.   Orphaned, Gregg and his older brother, Andrew, were sent to live with their uncle, David McMurtrie III, in Huntingdon.   Under his care, Gregg entered the John A. Hall School before moving on to nearby Milnwood Academy.   In 1850, while attending the University of Lewisburg (Bucknell University), he received an appointment to West Point with the aid of  Representative Samuel Calvin.    Arriving at West Point on July 1, 1851, Gregg proved a good student and an excellent horseman.   Graduating four years later, he ranked eighth in a class of thirty-four.   While there, he developed relationships with older students, such as J.E.B. Stuart and Philip H. Sheridan, with whom he would fight and serve with during the Civil War.   Commissioned a second lieutenant, Gregg was briefly posted to Jefferson Barracks, MO before receiving orders for Fort Union, NM.   Serving with the 1st US Dragoons, he moved to California in 1856 and north to Washington Territory the following year.   Operating from Fort Vancouver, Gregg fought several engagements against the Native Americans in the area.    David McM. Gregg - The Civil War Begins: On March 21, 1861, Gregg earned a promotion to first lieutenant and orders to return east.   With the attack on Fort Sumter the following month and beginning of the Civil War, he quickly received a promotion to captain on May 14 with orders to join the 6th US Cavalry in Washington DCs defenses.   Shortly thereafter, Gregg fell gravely ill with typhoid and nearly died when his hospital burned.   Recovering, he took command of the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry on January 24, 1862 with the rank of colonel.   This move was facilitated by the fact that Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtain was Greggs cousin.   Later that spring, the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry shifted south to the Peninsula for Major General George B. McClellans campaign against Richmond. David McM. Gregg - Climbing the Ranks: Serving in Brigadier General Erasmus D. Keyes IV Corps, Gregg and his men saw service during the advance up the Peninsula and ably screened the armys movements during the Seven Days Battles that June and July.   With the failure of McClellans campaign, Greggs regiment and the rest of the Army of the Potomac returned north.   That September, Gregg was present for the Battle of Antietam but saw little fighting.   Following the battle, he took leave and traveled to Pennsylvania to marry Ellen F. Sheaff on October 6.   Returning to his regiment after a brief honeymoon in New York City, he received a promotion to brigadier general on November 29.   With this came command of a brigade in Brigadier General Alfred Pleasontons division. Present at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, Gregg assumed command of a cavalry brigade in Major General William F. Smiths VI Corps when Brigadier General George D. Bayard was mortally wounded.   With the Union defeat,  Major General Joseph Hooker assumed command in early 1863 and reorganized the Army of the Potomacs cavalry forces into a single Cavalry Corps led by Major General George Stoneman.   Within this new structure, Gregg was selected to lead the 3rd Division consisting of brigades headed by Colonels Judson Kilpatrick and Percy Wyndham.   That May, as Hooker led the army against General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Stoneman received orders to take his corps on a raid deep into the enemys rear.   Though Greggs division and the others inflicted substantial damage on Confederate property, the effort had little strategic value.   Due to its perceived failure, Stoneman was replaced by Pleasonton. David McM. Gregg - Brandy Station Gettysburg: Having been beaten at Chancellorsville, Hooker sought to gather intelligence on Lees intentions.   Finding that Major General J.E.B. Stuarts Confederate cavalry had concentrated near Brandy Station, he directed Pleasonton to attack and disperse the enemy.   To accomplish this, Pleasonton conceived a daring operation which called for dividing his command into two wings. The right wing, led by Brigadier General John Buford, was to cross the Rappahannock at Beverlys Ford and drive south toward Brandy Station. The left wing, commanded by Gregg, was to cross to the east at Kellys Ford and strike from the east and south to catch the Confederates in a double envelopment.   Taking the enemy by surprise, the Union troopers succeeded in driving the Confederates back on June 9.   Late in the day, Greggs men made several attempts to take Fleetwood Hill, but were unable to compel the Confederates to retreat.   Though Pleasonton withdrew at sunset leaving the field in Stuarts hands, the Battle of Brandy Station greatly improved the Union cavalrys confidence. As Lee moved north towards Pennsylvania in June, Greggs division pursued and fought inconclusive engagements with Confederate cavalry at Aldie (June 17), Middleburg (June 17-19), and Upperville (June 21).   On July 1, his compatriot Buford opened the Battle of Gettysburg.   Pressing north, Greggs division arrived around midday on July 2 and was tasked with protecting the Union right flank by new army commander Major General George G. Meade.   The next day, Gregg repulsed Stuarts cavalry in a  back-and-forth battle east of town.   In the fighting, Greggs men were aided by Brigadier General George A. Custers brigade.   Following the Union triumph at Gettysburg, Greggs division pursued the enemy and harried their retreat south. David McM. Gregg - Virginia: That fall, Gregg operated with the Army of the Potomac as Meade conducted his abortive Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns.   In the course of these efforts, his division fought at  Rapidan Station (September 14), Beverly Ford (October 12), Auburn (October 14), and New Hope Church (November 27).   In the spring of 1864, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Major General Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and made him general-in-chief of all Union armies.   Coming east, Grant worked with Meade to reorganize the Army of the Potomac.   This saw Pleasonton removed and replaced with Sheridan who had built a strong reputation as an infantry division commander in the west.   This action rankled Gregg who was the corps senior division commander and an experienced cavalryman. That May, Greggs division screened the army during the opening actions of the Overland Campaign at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House.   Unhappy with his corps role in the campaign, Sheridan obtained permission from Grant to mount a large-scale raid south on May 9.   Encountering the enemy two days later, Sheridan won a victory at the Battle of Yellow Tavern.   In the fighting, Stuart was killed.   Continuing south with Sheridan, Gregg and his men reached the Richmond defenses before turning east and uniting with Major General Benjamin Butlers Army of the James.   Resting and refitting, the Union cavalry then returned north to reunite with Grant and Meade.   On May 28, Greggs division engaged Major General Wade Hamptons cavalry at the Battle of Haws Shop and won a minor victory after heavy fighting.   David McM. Gregg - Final Campaigns: Again riding out with Sheridan the following month, Gregg saw action during the Union defeat at the Battle of Trevilian Station on June 11-12.   As Sheridans men retreated back towards the Army of the Potomac, Gregg commanded a successful rearguard action at St. Marys Church on June 24.   Rejoining the army, he moved over the James River and aided in operations during the opening weeks of the Battle of Petersburg.   In August, after Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early advanced down the Shenandoah Valley and threatened Washington, DC, Sheridan was ordered by Grant to command the newly-formed Army of the Shenandoah.   Taking part of the Cavalry Corps to join this formation, Sheridan left Gregg in command of those cavalry forces remaining with Grant.   As part of this transition, Gregg received a brevet promotion to major general.   Shortly after Sheridans departure, Gregg saw action during the Second Battle of Deep Bottom on August 14-20.   A few days later, he was involved in the Union defeat at the Second Battle of Reams Station.   That fall, Greggs cavalry worked to screen Union movements as Grant sought to extend his siege lines south and east from Petersburg.   In late September, he took part in the Battle of Peebles Farm and in late October played a key role in the Battle of Boydton Plank Road.   Following the latter action, both armies settled into winter quarters and large-scale fighting subsided.   On January 25, 1865, with Sheridan set to return from the Shenandoah, Gregg abruptly submitted his letter of resignation to the US Army citing an imperative demand for my continued presence at home. David McM. Gregg - Later Life: This was accepted in early February and Gregg departed for Reading, PA.   Greggs reasons for resigning were questioned with some speculating that he did not wish to serve under Sheridan.   Missing the wars final campaigns, Gregg was involved in business activities in Pennsylvania and operated a farm in Delaware.   Unhappy in civilian life, he applied for reinstatement in 1868, but lost out when his desired cavalry command went to his cousin, John I. Gregg.   In 1874, Gregg received an appointment as US Consul in Prague, Austria-Hungary from President Grant.   Departing, his time abroad proved brief as his wife suffered from homesickness.   Returning later that year, Gregg advocated for making Valley Forge a national shrine and in 1891 was elected Auditor General of Pennsylvania.   Serving one term, he remained active in civic affairs until his death on August 7, 1916.   Greggs remains were buried in Readings Charles Evans Cemetery.      Ã‚   Selected Sources Civil War Trust: David McM. GreggSmithsonian: David McM. GreggOhio Civil War: David McM. Gregg

Class Room Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Class Room Management - Essay Example The teacher further explains various rules when it comes to leaving the classroom for bathroom and distribution of material so that every child can share and utilize the items fully. They are further told about the attendance chart and the schedule; as the same schedule is to be followed throughout the academic year hence it is require for all students to refer to it every now and then as it is important to smoothly transition between activities. They are also told how to get water from the water fountain and use the sharpener and how to wait for their turn, if another student is using those items and how to sign on to the list every time they have to take a bathroom breaks or step out of the classroom. Being the first day, the children are given the latitude to look around the classroom, guided by their teacher, who explains them various procedures that can be adopted for all the possible situations. For recess, all children are lined up in two file; one for boys and one for girls. All students return to the classroom in the same fashion and the students are given the promise of being assigned to various duties to help them engage in the implementation of this routine. For effective implementation, the teacher explains exactly when, where and how to perform various classroom routines. The teacher further explains the sequence of the activity in a concise, clear and precise manner; in this regard the tone of teacher is essential that further help the students to understand the importance or gravity of a particular situation. The teacher further tells all students what to do, rather than what not to do so that further motivates the behavior in the children. In order to make sure that every student understands the routine the teacher prompts them to repeat after her and for the routine to become automatic it is rehearsed over and over again. Especially when the teacher adds this to their knowledge that the routine is to be followed every day therefore, the child knows exactly what to do and when to do it. It can be further observed that the teacher rewards the students and acknowledges their good behavior to enhance motivation of the skill. For instance, the teacher distributed â€Å"super first days† certificates at the end of the day for the good behavior of children and the rewards for perfect attendance. She further enhances the children’s motivation to actively partake in activities by telling them about cursive handwriting and various other future classroom plans. The aforementioned techniques were employed by the teacher for implementing classroom routine and effective management of the students. 2. Analysis, Exploration & Reasoning (a) The routine is primarily designed by the teacher to help the students feel more comfortable however, their participation and engagement is of equal importance to help gain the prior benefits of the routine in their lives. In order to postulate the children’s level of engagement is done largely through the number of responsibilities that are assigned to them. As the teacher states in the video, each child would be given a ‘job’ in the class to maintain order and acquire a sense of responsibility, which will enable him or her to have greater participation in the implementation of the routine. Furthermore, the children will be given ample freedom of movement and dialogue with other